![]() ![]() The molecular chains of HA are intertwined in solution and it occurs even when the concentration is very low. The high hydrophilicity of HA is the physical basis for its wide presence in the human body. HA has a molecular weight between 10 3 and 10 4 kDa, which can reach a length of 25 μm when fully extended. Skin and soft tissue engineering with HA-based scaffold were reviewed as well. The most important or typical papers discussing cartilage and bone tissue engineering using HA-based scaffolds were viewed and selectively cited. Therefore, to understand the application of HA, the basic physical, chemical and biological properties of HA must first be understood.Ī review of the literature was performed by searching the keywords “hyaluronic acid” AND “tissue engineering” OR “tissue regeneration” OR “stem cells” in PubMed, EMBASE and Medline. The versatility of HA is closely related to its unique properties, andHA with its different states or molecular weights can exhibitdiverse features. HA has become a hotspot in the fields of scaffold materials in tissue engineering because of its ubiquitously distribution in vertebrate tissues, good biocompatibility and non-toxic degradation products. Researches demonstrated that HA plays an important role in regulating cell differentiation, migration, angiogenesis and inflammation responses. HA is a linear polysaccharide without branches and is one of the most important components of extracellular matrix. It was named because of its transparent appearance in water and the probable presence of hexuronic acid as one of the components. Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan (HA) was the first isolated from bovine vitreous humor by Meyer and Palmer in 1934.
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